Joint Equine-Zyme Horse Nutrition Product Line

Joint & Hoof Equine-Zyme - Equine Solutions Catalog Page 22e

NUTRITIVES FOR NUTRITIONAL APPLICATION
COLIC Remedies
ABC Probi, Pure Earth GutFlush

Herbal Wormer

Arenus Assure Products for Sand, Daily Digestive Foregut and Hindgut Health in Horses,
COLIC REMEDIES-Natural,Sand Colic,
Toxic-Free, Non-Toxic, American Made Products for Body, Bath, Household, Cosmetics, AntiAging Skin Care,
Extra $ INCOME SOURCES $
Pure Herbs and Herb Blends for info only
Homeopathic Nosodes - Alternatives to Vaccines for Equines, Dogs and Cats

Equine GutFlush 4 oz

Equine GutFlush 4 oz The herbal formula blend that: Restores Gut Motility - Used since 1983 successfully.

One oral application of Equine GutFlush is all that is needed to help your horse facing abdominal pain / normal horse colic.

Fast Acting – Proven Results

Herbs are the original go-to source for health and wellness, going back thousands of years. Before land was divided by fencing, the soil was depleted,
and horses were limited to homogenized patches of grass and bales of hay, horses took care of themselves by eating a wide variety of vegetation,
including many herbs. Today, an increasing number of individuals are recognizing that herbs as alternatives to horse supplements can do amazing things.

But, as with any product, (and especially one that’s consumed) quality is everything when it comes to effectiveness. That’s why Pure Earth Products
offers only the very finest quality herbs for horses, precisely formulated and powdered for maximum concentration and absorption. The lab that
manufactures our products is a fully documented cGMP/HACCP compliant operation and is part of what makes their manufacturing operations ‘Lab-Grade’ based in its standards.

We believe health is a work in progress, and every day we make choices for ourselves and our animals that move us closer to, or away from,
a state of optimal health. Pure Earth Products strives to provide horse enthusiasts with the highest quality all natural herbal alternatives to horse supplements available.

Ready to Help Your Horse

Equine GutFlush is developed to work in Unison with the horses body.

Equine GutFlush is helpful in restoring:

*Gut Motility

*Normal gastro-intestinal function

*Promotes digestive support

As a general rule, herbs used as ‘singles’ are intended for more specific targeted corrective purposes, whereas consumer–ready formula blends
(multiple herbs used in combination which is what: Equine GutFlush) is are better suited for general consumer needs and uses. Even so,
all formula blends are clinically-based multiplex preparations.

The formula(s) work to bring balance back to the intrinsic structure and functions of the body. They contain an herb’s entire broad spectrum
of primary, secondary and tertiary constituents and compounds, vitamins, enzymes and co-factors, and bio-active compatible minerals and
trace minerals necessary for the development of healthy cells, sustaining healthy tissues and organs, and enhancing natural vibrant energy.
Also, since alcohol, with its denaturing and inert rendering effects on many of an herb’s extracted constituents and compounds, is never
used at any time in the making of Equine GutFlush or any liquid herbal formula, all the broad spectrum of constituents and compounds
retain their biological viability and intrinsic synergy, just as nature intended!

The active and supportive constituents, nutrients and minerals of Equine GutFlush are like pre-digested compounds and go directly into the
bloodstream and to the cells to do their work to properly enhance health and well-being. They are potent, consistent in efficacy and actually
taste remarkably good for a liquid herb, all qualities unique to the Equine GutFlush formula. Equine GutFlush can be used as an alternative
when your equine has abdominal pain/normal horse colic. Help may be on its way but reacting quickly to the situation can help your horse
recover quicker. There is nothing in EGF that will mask any symptoms when you or your veterinarian check the equine’s vital signs.
Hopefully when the vet arrive’s the pain will have subsided and the equine is back to feeling like a horse again – looking for water,
wanting to graze, and will have passed gas or fecal matter. Gut sounds should be heard on both side of the abdomen with a stethoscope.

The product assists in giving quick control over abdominal pain within 45 minutes.

Equine GutFlush assists in reduction of:

* Relieving Intestinal Gas

*GI Toxicity

*Pain and discomfort

*Mild Anti-Spasmodic

The herbal formula blend that: Restores Gut Motility - Used since 1983 successfully.

One oral application of Equine GutFlush is all that is needed to help your horse facing abdominal pain / normal horse colic.

Fast Acting – Proven Results

(Note: each horse is an individual and may take longer depending on the time the equine was found or drugs were given such as:
Banamine; which slows down the motility in the gut. This seems to be the opposite of what you want to have happen when a colic episode is occurring.

A must have for a: Equine First Aid Kit

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Equine GutFlush: Laminaria digitata, Chondrus cripuus, Peppermint, Fennel, Calcium, Potassium – Within a proprietary blend of select herbs.
Some herbs in EGF are harvested at certain times of the year by farmers in certain regions specifically for this product.

Equine Gut Flush™ (EGF)
Just one bottle stops equine colic in its tracks.
Based on controlled studies and user testimonies
EGF is 100% efficient in stopping cases of
impaction, sand, gas or mild spasmodic colic.
Product Information

All-natural formula designed specifically for
stopping the common causes of colic, EGF comes
in a 4 oz. bottle. Administer contents of entire
bottle orally at first signs of abdominal pain/colic.

How EGF is Administered?
Easy as 1-2-3. To Use:
1. Shake bottle
2. Remove tamper seal
3. Cut 1/4” tip off dispensing bottle
Oral application: Insert the dispenser tip into the
corner of the horses mouth. Hold your horse’s
head in an upright position, dispenser tip up and
slowly squeeze the bottle giving the horse time
to swallow.
Adult Horse: 1 bottle, 4 oz.
Foal: half bottle, 2 oz.

Disclaimer: EGF cannot resolve abnormal cases of colic. Examples of abnormal cases: parasitic
damage, excessive amounts of sand, twisted ruptured or infected bowels as well as ulcers, tumors
or enteroliths (stones). Abnormal cases of colic must be cared for by a veterinarian.
FDA: These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. EGF is not sold
for cure, treatment, prevention or mitigation of equine disease. This product is not intended to
diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Supplimental Facts:
Proprietory Blend of Extracts of:
Fennel Seed
Peppermint
Dandelion Root
Catnip If/stm
Kelp
Ginger Root
Fenugreek
Every Barn Should
Have A Bottle!
• Optimize horse’s chance
of Survival
• Decrease horse’s down time
• Reduce your vet bills
Monitor Gut Sounds
At the first sign of abdominal pain/colic,
administer EGF. Monitor gut sounds. Healthy
gut sounds should return in 10-30 minutes.
Always report findings to your vet.
relief
Fast Acting Proven Results
www.myfineequine.com
www.equinegutflush.com

Quick! Take Me To The Shopping Cart to Order Colic Remedies & Check Out!...

More info.
Glossary of Active Ingredients:

Alpha Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant that is naturally found in mitochondria–the energy-producing structures inside cells.
It is a more powerful antioxidant than the fat-soluble Vitamin E and the water-soluble Vitamin C it works synergistically with because
Alpha Lipoic Acid is both fat- AND water-soluble. Research in horses shows it has the ability to reduce oxidative stress. Because
it also stimulates the movement of blood sugar across membranes and into cells, it helps increase insulin sensitivity and lower high blood sugar.

American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) is a plant traditionally used by American Indians as a general tonic, natural restorative
for the weak and wounded, and to help the mind. It is believed to act as an “adaptogen,” a substance that normalizes body functions,
strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a wide variety of stressful influences. Research shows the plant’s
active ingredients-ginsenosides-may help regulate blood sugar and restore proper metabolism.

Apple Cider Vinegar is rich in potassium and contains all the vitamins, minerals and other nutrients of the original apple. It is reported
to act as a system detoxifier, antiseptic, antimicrobial, anti-catarrhal (helps remove excess mucus), a digestive aid and a bitter
(helps stimulate the flow of digestive juices, improve the appetite and support the liver). In humans Apple Cider Vinegar is used
for nausea, vomiting, fatigue, colitscolitis, diarrhea, rheumatism and arthritis.

Arabinogalactan is a polysaccharide, or, complex carbohydrate, found in a variety of plants. Approved as a dietary source of fiber
in people by the FDA, it is also considered a “prebiotic” because it can be used as a food source by the beneficial bacteria in the
large intestine. Research is ongoing as to the compound’s ability to stimulate the immune system.

Arginine is an essential amino acid in horses. It is required for the removal of ammonia (a toxic by-product) from the body and the release
of certain hormones, and plays a role in wound healing and immune function. It is a precursor to many other compounds such as creatine,
which is important in muscle, and nitric oxide, which is important in blood vessels. Specifically, nitric oxide signals the smooth muscle of
blood vessels to relax, resulting in increased blood flow to certain areas.

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) is an herb that supports the liver, digestive tract, urinary system and metabolism. It stimulates the production
and release of bile from the liver, protects and restores liver cells and tissue, encourages the flow of other digestive juices, improves the
appetite, increases the production of urine from the kidneys, and supports normal blood sugar, lipids and cholesterol.

Aspergillus Niger - see Probiotics

Astralagus (Astragalus membranaceus) is an herb that has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. It is believed
to act as an “adaptogen,” a substance that normalizes body functions, strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a
wide variety of stressful influences. Astralagus exerts positive effects throughout the body, but is most valued for its ability to impart
natural disease resistance through the immune system.

ASU stands for Avocado Soy Unsaponifiables. In a recent study of horses with osteoarthritis, supplementing with ASU significantly
reduced the severity of articular cartilage breakdown and joint membrane bleeding. It also significantly increased the production of
natural chondroitin sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans.

Banaba is a plant containing the active substance corosilic acid which is thought to act like insulin. That is, it promotes the uptake of
sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream and into body cells. Banaba is used worldwide to increase insulin sensitivity and lower high blood sugar.

Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) or, Branched Chain Amino Acids, include leucine, isoleucine and valine. Limited research in horses
suggests these specific amino acids are mobilized during exercise and used by the body for energy. This preserves muscle glycogen and other,
structural amino acids. BCAAs are therefore believed to delay the onset of fatigue and prevent muscle breakdown especially
during aerobic exercise, particularly endurance events.

Betaine (Trimethylglycine) is a product of choline, a Vitamin B-like substance. People take Betaine to prevent heart disease because it lowers
the levels of the toxic compound homocysteine. In horses, it has been shown to reduce lactic acid build-up following exercise in untrained animals.
Betaine is also recognized as an “osmolyte,” or, a substance which protects cells against osmotic stress. This type of stress occurs
when the concentration of molecules outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell and water flows out, causing the cell to shrink and possibly die.

Beta Glucan is the soluble fiber found in oats, barley and other cereal grains. Numerous studies in humans have shown it to be the
agent in oatmeal that reduces serum cholesterol. It is also a powerful stimulant to the immune system. By normalizing the rate at which
food moves through the GI tract, Beta Glucan moderates the release of sugar into the bloodstream and reduces the digestive upset
that can occur when too much sugar reaches the hindgut too quickly.

Bilberry Fruit (Vaccinium myrtillis) is an herb whose fruit contains healthful bioflavonoids including anthocyanins, tannins, pectins
and phenolic acids. It has antioxidant action and supports wound healing. In humans Bilberry Fruit is used for a variety of venous
disorders as well as improving night vision.

Bio Active Whey is the product obtained by separating milk solids (curds) from milk liquids (whey). No longer considered just a
by-product of the cheese industry, whey protein is used by human athletes, in infant formula, and for senior nutrition. In addition
to being high-quality, easily digestible protein which supplies essential amino acids to the body, many of these peptides have
functional properties that also support the body’s immune system and natural antioxidants.

Biotin is a member of the B-vitamin family and, like some other vitamins, is a co-enzyme for several metabolic pathways. It is vital
to the growth of strong, healthy hooves due to its role in collagen formation. A number of research studies show that long-term, daily
supplementation of Biotin improves the growth rate and hardness of hooves, especially in horses with less than optimum quality hoof horn
(soft, brittle, chipped). In addition, because it is a component of the enzyme responsible for the utilization of glucose by the liver,
it may support proper insulin and glucose levels.

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia), also known as balsam pear or Chinese cucumber, is a plant containing substances proven to
lower blood sugar. The mechanism of action is still under debate, but the active components of Bitter Melon appear to be similar in
structure to insulin and could work by affecting insulin signaling to cells. In addition to its affects on metabolism, Bitter Melon also
appears to have anticancer and antiviral properties.

Bioflavonoids, or flavonoids, are a group of plant pigments that act as antioxidants to protect cells from the damaging effects of free radicals
(which are released due to injury, stress or illness). They are believed to help the body respond to allergies, inflammation, infections and even cancer.

Boswellia is an herb whose active ingredients are said to interfere with the enzymes that contribute to inflammation and pain.
By inhibiting lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, Boswellia may act as an anti-inflammatory and pain reliever.

Bromelain is a protein-digesting enzyme found in pineapples that may aid in digestion as well as reduce pain and inflammation.
Numerous studies in humans have shown Bromelain and other enzymes to be effective in speeding up recovery from exercise and injury,
as well as from surgical procedures. There is evidence that some of the enzyme may be absorbed from the GI system intact and enter
into the systemic circulation, where it may have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving actions on joints, muscle and connective tissue.

Burdock (Arctium lappa) is well-known for its ability to eliminate toxins from tissues. It is especially good at maintaining healthy skin
but is also used to cleanse the blood and lymphatic system, the urinary tract, and the liver and digestive tract. Burdock is excellent for
older horses as it encourages a sluggish digestion, has a beneficial action on the liver, and may help support normal blood sugar levels.

Calcium (Ca) is a macromineral found in highest amounts in bone and teeth. However, it also has important roles in muscle contraction,
cell membranes, blood clotting, enzyme regulation and hormone release. Absorption of Calcium from the small intestine is controlled by
Vitamin D but can be reduced if there is too much Phosphorus in the diet. Ideally, horses should receive slightly more Calcium than Phosphorus—
a ratio between 1:1 to 2:1 is probably safe. Pregnant and lactating mares, growing horses and exercising horses may need more
dietary Calcium than an adult horse at rest.

L-Carnitine is an amino acid that transports fat into mitochondria for aerobic oxidation and energy generation. By enhancing the body’s
use of fat for energy and therefore sparing muscle glycogen, Carnitine may provide benefits during aerobic exercise, particularly endurance events.

Celery (Apium graveolens) is an herb that has been used for centuries in people for everything from rheumatism to gout. Like some
other herbs, it has a calming and soothing effect on the digestive system and can be used both to stimulate appetite as well as relieve spasm.
A potent diuretic, Celery should be used with caution in kidney disorders.

Cetylated Fatty Acids - See Cetyl Myristoleate

Cetyl Myristoleate is a unique fatty acid (Omega-5) discovered by a research chemist at the National Institute of Health (NIH) that is used
for both joint inflammation and pain. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, it has been suggested that Cetyl Myristoleate
may inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipooxygenase (LOX) pathways, decreasing production of inflammatory and pain mediators.
It can be obtained from animal or plant sources. However, the animal source (beef tallow), provides a higher percentage of active ingredient
than the plant source, requiring a much smaller serving size.

Chamomile is known as “the calming herb,” although it has many uses both internally and externally in people and animals. It is classified
as a nervine because it is an herb with specific actions on the nervous system. Because of its anti-spasm and anti-inflammatory properties,
it is especially helpful for horses that process anxiety through their intestinal system (diarrhea, colic, weight loss).

Chloride (Cl) is a macromineral commonly referred to as an electrolyte because it helps maintain the body’s acid/base balance and hydration status.
It is also commonly referred to as “salt” when combined with its partner Sodium. Chloride is an essential component of two intestinal secretions
necessary for digestion and absorption of nutrients: bile and hydrochloric acid (HCL), better known as “stomach acid.” When the horse’s
Sodium needs are met, its Chloride needs are usually also met.

Choline is an essential nutrient that is a precursor of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter). Has indications for concentration, memory and muscle
performance and prevents fat build-up in the liver.

Chondroitin Sulfate is not only the building block of the much larger molecules hyaluronic acid (HA) and proteoglycan (PG) it also inhibits the
effects of various enzymes that degrade cartilage. Research has shown that chondroitin sulfate is bioavailable in the horse and that it appears
to work synergistically with glucosamine to stimulate new cartilage production and inhibit cartilage breakdown.

Chromium (Cr) is a trace mineral which works with insulin to regulate blood sugar. There may be a relationship between Cr deficiency and insulin resistance.
Supplementing with Cr has been shown to increase fat loss and increase lean muscle mass.

Cinnamon is a plant whose bark and oil contain an active ingredient recently discovered to mimic the effects of insulin. The compound MHCP has
been shown in numerous studies to lower blood sugar (glucose) by enhancing the movement of sugar from the blood and into cells. By helping
insulin work better, Cinnamon may be beneficial in cases of insulin resistance.

Citrulline is an amino acid that the body can convert to another amino acid, arginine. Because arginine is a precursor to nitric oxide, citrulline
is also considered a precursor to nitric oxide. Nitric oxide signals the smooth muscle of blood vessels to relax, resulting in increased blood flow to certain areas.

Cleavers (Galium aparine) is an herb renowned for its ability to cleanse the blood, lymphatic and urinary systems. It is reported to have a
diuretic effect on the kidneys, as well as anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic actions towards the urinary tract.

Cobalt (Co) is a micromineral used by intestinal microorganisms to produce Vitamin B12, which works with Iron and Copper to form healthy
red blood cells. It is of minor interest because this is its only role in the body, no known cases of deficiency or toxicity have been reported,
and horses take in all the Cobalt they need from their normal diets.

Collagen is the main structural protein found in the connective tissues of the body (skin, bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments).
Hydrolyzed collagen protein (gelatin) is a modified form that has been broken down into smaller pieces making it easier to digest and absorb.
Collagen and gelatin are inexpensive ingredients used to support joint health, nourish bones and the tendons and ligaments surrounding them,
and aid in recovery from exercise and injury.

Copper (Cu) is a micromineral required for production of normal connective tissues including tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone.
As a component of many enzyme systems, it is also involved in making Iron available to the body for blood, in producing skin and coat pigments,
in proper nerve signaling and in repairing antioxidants. Low Copper levels in mares and foals have been implicated in developmental
orthopedic disease (DOD) including osteochrondrosis (OCD).

Cramp Bark (Viburnum opulus) is an herb used to relax muscle tension in both smooth and skeletal muscle. Thought to act partly through the
higher centers of the brain as well as directly on the muscle itself, it is especially helpful for spasms and tension in the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.

Creatine is a component of creatine phosphate (CP), known as the storage form of quick energy. CP is stored in muscles where it helps
regenerate ATP, the main source of cellular energy, by replacing Phosphorous molecules as they are released. Numerous human studies
have demonstrated positive effects of Creatine supplementation for sports requiring repeated bouts of high intensity exercise (i.e. aerobic activities).

Curcumin - See Turmeric

Devil’s Claw is a South African herb (Harpagophytum procumbens) that is used for pain and inflammation of bone, joints and other tissues.
Data from 14 clinical trials in people conducted over the last 40 years suggest Devil’s Claw is effective in the reduction of pain associated
with osteoarthritis and is associated with minor risk, when compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs). Because it
contains “bitters” as an active ingredient, which encourages appetite but stimulates the secretion of stomach acids, it should be used
with caution in animals at risk for GI ulcers.

DHA (docosahexanoic acid) is a specific kind of omega-3 fatty acid that is only found in marine-based sources such as fish oil and algae.
DHA is the most abundant fatty acid in the brain and retina, and studies in humans and dogs have shown improvement in brain function
when supplemented with DHA. Studies in horses have shown that stallions with fertility issues benefited significantly when supplemented with DHA.

Diatomaceous Earth is a whitish powder made up of the fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of prehistoric, hard-shelled algae. It has
many uses in our society, and is approved by the EPA as a pesticide and the USDA as an anti-caking agent for animal feed. Some
owners feed Diatomaceous Earth to their horses to eliminate internal parasites and reduce fly loads, since the sharp edges are said to
penetrate the outer covering of worms and insects allowing the powder to absorb inner liquids, causing dehydration and death.

Digestive Enzymes - See Pancrelipase

Direct Fed Microbials - See Probiotics

DMG (Dimethylglycine) is a naturally occurring substance in the body and in many foods, but in low levels. Supplementing with this readily
absorbed ingredient makes additional DMG available to cells throughout the body, where it is involved in energy production processes that
use oxygen. DMG is used to enhance muscle metabolism (especially in horses prone to tying-up), boost the immune system and also serves
as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

Echinacea, or purple coneflower, was a popular medicinal herb among Native Americans and early American physicians. It is still widely
used by people today to shorten the duration and severity of respiratory infections such as colds and flu. Research in horses shows that not
only does Echinacea stimulate the immune system, it is also a blood building agent. Healthy horses that received the herb had higher levels
of red blood cells, hemoglobin and white blood cells.

Elecampane (Inula helenium) is an herb with a strong aromatic smell due to its volatile oil content. These volatile oils are believed to provide
antiseptic, expectorant and mucus-producing actions in the respiratory tract. Its reported disinfectant activity makes Elecampane equally
beneficial for conditions of the urinary tract.

EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) is a specific kind of omega-3 fatty acid that is only found in marine-based sources such as fish oil and algae.
The NIH (National Institutes of Health) lists a large number of conditions in humans in which EPA and other omega-3s are thought to be
effective, such as cardiovascular disease, arthritis, asthma and others. EPA is believed to work by suppressing production of inflammatory
agents in the body such as cyclooxygenase.

Eyebright, (Euphrasia species) as its name suggests, is probably one of the best herbs for the eyes and surrounding tissues. Its ability to act
on inflammation, irritation and allergies make Eyebright an excellent choice for any condition that affects the eyes, throat, mouth and sinuses.

Fenugreek is the number one preferred flavor in horses, and is added to supplements and feeds to stimulate appetite. This herb contains a soluble fiber
known as mucilage which may slow the digestion and absorption of food from the intestine. Fenugreek may reduce blood sugar and
support healthy metabolic function in insulin resistant horses.

Fish Oil is an excellent source of Omega 3 Fatty Acids. In particular it contains two Omega 3s-eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA)-
with proven health benefits. In humans, EPA has been shown to improve a number of conditions including heart disease, arthritis and kidney disease.
Studies in animals have demonstrated that DHA specifically improves brain function in growing puppies and senior dogs as well as reproductive ability in stallions.

Flax Seed is a rich source of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) alpha-linolenic acid, an Omega 3, and linoleic acid, an Omega 6, in an ideal ratio of 4:1.
In fact, Flax is one of the greatest plant sources of Omega 3 Fatty Acids. Besides its 40% fat make-up, Flax also contains protein, fiber, vitamins
and minerals, and offers the benefits of lignans, antioxidants with estrogen-like activity.

Fructooligosaccharides - see Prebiotics

Gamma Oryzanol is a natural, hormone-like substance found in rice bran. It may have muscle building properties in horses, helping hard keepers
put on weight and equine athletes improve performance. In order for muscle to build properly with the use of Gamma Oryzanol, high-quality
protein must be fed and there must be an active training program.

Garlic is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world, its use dating back thousands of years to the Egyptians. It has an extremely
complex chemistry-over 160 different compounds have been identified-which helps explain why it is recommended for everything from cardiovascular
disease to infections to cancer. Many horse owners feed garlic to deter biting insects. While the amount of garlic in most supplements is well under
the safe upper limit, horses that eat too much of this herb can develop anemia.

Gelatin: See Collagen

Ginger is a plant that has been used for thousands of years in Asia primarily as a digestive aid to prevent nausea, vomiting and stomach ache.
Other positive effects in humans include reducing cholesterol and preventing platelet clumping, helpful in preventing cardiovascular disease.
Ginger may also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Gingko biloba is one of the oldest living tree species and has been called a “living fossil” because it predates the Ice Age. Over 40 different components
have been identified in its leaves, but it is most valued for its flavonoids and terpenoids, potent antioxidants with a particular affinity
for central nervous system (CNS). Ginkgo is the world’s most used treatment for memory loss and degenerative disease of the brain and CNS,
especially age-related decline. Because it also dilates blood vessels and reduces clotting, it increases circulation to all parts of the body,
acting as an overall tonic that aids in a wide variety of conditions.

Goats Rue (Glega officinalis) is an herb with two main actions on the body. First it has been shown to support healthy metabolism by
encouraging the uptake of blood sugar by cells and tissues, inhibiting sugar absorption from the digestive system and maintain normal insulin
production by the pancreas. However, Goats Rue is also known for its ability to increase milk production.

Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) is an herb with special affinity for the urinary, respiratory and digestive systems. It is reported to have
antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and anti-mucus actions, in addition to the ability to stimulate urine production. Golden Rod is also used
in people for GI problems such as nausea, vomiting and irritable bowel.

Glucosamine is the building block of chondroitin sulfate, a specific type of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Current research suggests
glucosamine has two beneficial actions in joints. Not only does it increase the production of new GAGs and therefore new cartilage,
glucosamine has also been shown to inhibit the free radicals and enzymes that break down cartilage. This small but complex molecule has an
important role in both the production and protection of joints.

L-Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, especially in muscle tissue. Although it is not an essential amino acid, there is such
great demand for its use in the body that production may not be able to keep up with consumption, so supplementing may be necessary.
Glutamine is involved in more metabolic processes than any other amino acid, including building muscle, repairing intestinal tissue and enhancing the immune system.

Glycine is one of the simplest amino acids and is classified as nonessential because it does not need to be supplied in the diet. However,
this compact substance plays many essential roles in the body. Best known as a neurotransmitter, Glycine makes up 35% of the protein
collagen, is a key component in many metabolic reactions, and has anti-inflammatory as well as immune-modulating properties.
Recently, it has been shown to inhibit gastric secretions and protect gastric mucosa against chemical and stress-induced ulcers.

Glutathione is a small protein with antioxidant activity in the body. As a component of the Selenium-dependent Glutathione peroxidase system,
it not only scavenges free radicals but also recycles or “refreshes” other antioxidants such as Vitamin E and Vitamin C. It has been shown
that as cells age, their levels of Glutathione decrease, which may contribute to cell death and certain disease conditions.

Grape Seed Extract (GSE) is the most concentrated form of the antioxidants present in grapes. Known as proanthocyanidins which simply
means “producing a red pigment,” the health benefits of grapes have been recognized for thousands of years. Today, research in humans
shows that red wine or grape juice may have protective effects against the specific damage to cells caused by high amounts of sugar and
fat in the blood. It appears that the antioxidants in grape seed and skin work cooperatively with Vitamin E to neutralize free radicals.

Gymnema sylvestri: Gymnema sylvestri is a plant containing two main active components. One controls sugar cravings and therefore weight
gain by neutralizing the sweet flavor of sugar on the tongue, and the other helps to control high blood sugar. It is unclear whether Gymnema
works by preventing sugar from being absorbed from the digestive tract, stimulating insulin release, or functioning at a higher level in the body.

Hawthorn (Crataegus species) is a plant that has been used around the globe as a “cardio tonic.” In the early 20th century, it was the mainstay
of heart disease treatment by physicians. Hawthorn has specifically been used in people to strengthen contractions of the heart, regulate the heart beat,
and improve blood flow to the heart, brain and extremities. It is used in horses for limb conditions that may benefit from better circulation, such as
arthritis, laminitis and navicular disease.

HMB (also known as Beta-hydroxy Beta-methylbutyrate) is related to the amino acid leucine and is a popular supplement among bodybuilders.
Studies in humans suggest it may increase lean muscle mass in two different ways: by blocking pathways that degrade muscle cell protein and by
directly stimulating new protein synthesis. Because it may help prevent muscle breakdown and facilitate muscle repair, it may be especially
useful to horses in heavy training.

Honey is both a food and a medicine. That is, it is a source of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients but also possesses beneficial properties
to the body. For example, there are many bacteria that cannot live in honey. In people it is commonly used in cough syrups for sore throats
and inflammation of the respiratory tract as well as mixed with Apple Cider Vinegar for rheumatism and arthritis.

Hops is most recognized as the flavoring agent in beer. However, this herb has also been used for centuries to relieve nervous tension, anxiety,
irritability and other mood disturbances and therefore is classified as a nervine, or, an herb with specific actions on the nervous system.
In humans, it has been shown to aid in sleep disturbances such as insomnia. In horses, it is most useful for those that process anxiety in
the head and become distracted and unfocused.

Hyaluronic Acid ,or HA, is an integral component of joint cartilage and joint fluid, providing both lubrication and shock absorption.
Hyaluronic acid is what makes joint fluid “sticky.” Because it blocks inflammatory reactions, protecting cells in the joint, HA is
especially useful in acute situations as well as flare-ups of chronic joint conditions.

Inositol is closely related to the B-vitamin family and is found in nearly every cell in the body. Because of its location within the cell membrane,
it plays two major roles: transporting fats and assisting in nerve transmission. By participating in the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter
whose brain levels are known to be a factor in anxiety, inositol may be helpful in nervous horses.

Inulin - see Prebiotics

Iodine (I) is a micromineral whose only known function is as part of the thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Like Selenium and
most other microminerals, the margin between safe and toxic dietary levels is small. Unfortunately, too much Iodine and too little Iodine
both result in the same clinical sign—and enlarged thyroid gland or “goiter.” Although Iodine requirements increase slightly for
exercising horses as well as mares and foals, determine if your horse is already receiving enough Iodine from the diet before supplementing.

Iron (Fe) is a micromineral found in the hemoglobin of red blood cells (RBCs), the myoglobin of muscle cells, and various enzyme systems.
Many horsemen supplement Iron to enhance energy levels and performance, but Iron deficiency in horses is rare and increasing Iron in the
body has not been shown to improve RBCs or athletic ability. Because horses usually receive plenty of Iron in their diets, and because
excess Iron in the body can cause deficiencies of other microminerals, it should only be supplemented when anemia due to Iron deficiency
has been verified by a veterinarian through blood work.
Isoleucine see Branched Chain Amino Acids

Kelp (Fucus vesiculosus) is one of the richest sources of minerals in the plant world. Also known as “Bladderwrack,” it supports the body’s
hormonal system, particularly the thyroid gland. It should be used with caution in the case of an overactive thyroid. Due to its mucilage
content Kelp can also be used as a gentle bulk laxative, and is beneficial to both male and female reproductive systems as well as
the liver and pancreas.

Kutki (Picrorrhiza kurroa) is an herb that provides support to the respiratory system as well as the liver and digestive system.
It has a variety of actions including anti-allergic and stimulating to the immune system. Kutki not only protects the liver it also
improves the secretion of bile and in general has a restorative influence on the GI tract.

Lecithin is a naturally occurring fatty substance or phospholipid. Found in both plant and animal tissue, soybeans are the most widely
recognized source of Lecithin. Feeding Lecithin has been shown to protect gastric tissue from ulcer injury in several animal species,
including horses. It is believed to support the anti-ulcer defenses of the stomach in two ways: first, it forms a barrier between
stomach contents and epithelial cells and second, it helps with cell membrane turnover and wound resealing.

Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) is an herb with actions on three main systems of the body: digestive, cardiovascular and nervous.
Excellent for hyperactive children, it is considered restorative to the cells and tissues of the brain, spinal cord and nerves and even has sedative effects.

Leucine see Branched Chain Amino Acids

Licorice is one of the most widely used herbs for people and animals in both Western and Chinese medicine. Sweet and soothing,
licorice is used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, expectorant and other healing activities. The deglycyrrized form is preferred
because it does not have the side effects of the plant as a whole.

Lime Flowers (Tilia europaea) is an herb widely used in Europe for nervous stress or tension. It is reported to have gentle sedative
action and the ability to relax a tense nervous system and muscles. Lime Flowers is particularly useful for encouraging relaxing,
restful sleep, especially in children.

Lysine is an amino acid and the only one for which a requirement in the horse has been established by the NRC. It is an essential amino acid,
meaning it must be provided in the diet since the body cannot create enough of its own. Lysine is also a limiting amino acid.
This means if it is not present in adequate amounts it limits the body’s ability to make protein. Lysine is required for all ages
and uses of horses, but it is especially important in pregnant and lactating mares, young growing horses, and senior horses.

Magnesium (Mg) is a macromineral that serves as an electrolyte in the blood, as an activator of hundreds of enzymes, and as a participant in
muscle contractions. A normal diet can meet the Magnesium requirements of most adult horses in maintenance. However, pregnant and
lactating mares, young growing horses, and especially horses in moderate to heavy work have additional requirements for Magnesium.
Because one of the clinical signs of Magnesium deficiency is nervousness, it is added to many calming supplements.

Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) is considered by many to be “herbal aspirin” and has been used in humans for fevers, aches and pains.
The main active substance in Meadowsweet is salicin, which the body converts to salicylic acid. Modern aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is
believed to have originated from Meadowsweet and Willow in the 1800s. Other active ingredients in Meadowsweet make it a soothing,
healing herb for GI problems such as ulcers, cramps and diarrhea.

Manganese (Mn) is a micromineral crucial for proper formation of chondroitin sulfate and therefore healthy bones and joints. It is also
essential in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Supplementation should be considered because not all diets provide the same levels of
Manganese, it is among the least toxic of the trace minerals, and it plays an important role in young growing horses as well as active performance horses.

Mannanoligosaccharides - see Prebiotics

Marshmallow(Althaea officinalis) is an herb that has been used for centuries throughout the world to relieve irritation and inflammation
of the respiratory, digestive and urinary systems. It contains mucilage, a soluble fiber that becomes gel-like when wet. By forming a
protective film over aggravated mucous membranes, the mucilage in Marshmallow soothes the sore throat and cough, the stomach ulcer
and inflamed bowel, and even serves as a “natural bandage” for skin wounds.

Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) are shorter fatty acids that are easier for the body to absorb, digest and utilize than longer fatty acids.
This makes them a source of quick energy and very popular with human athletes, especially long-distance runners. Since Medium Chain Triglycerides
are not carbohydrates, they do not cause rapid changes in either blood sugar (glucose) or insulin. However, they still provide working
muscles with an immediate source of fuel, sparing muscle tissue from being broken down for this purpose.

Methionine is an amino acid that contains sulfur. It is an essential amino acid, meaning it must be provided in the diet since the body cannot create
enough of its own. It may be the second limiting amino acid, after lysine. This means if it is not present in adequate amounts it limits the body’s
ability to make protein. Methionine can be converted by the body into another sulfur-containing amino acid, cysteine. Because the concentration
of both these amino acids is highest in hoof and hair, methionine especially is often included in hoof supplements.

Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) is an herb with proven beneficial effects on the liver. Scientists believe the bioflavonoid silymarin, a mixture of
three compounds including silybin, is the most active ingredient in Milk Thistle. By stabilizing cell membranes and stimulating protein synthesis,
silymarin and its family of antioxidants both protect and rebuild the liver.

MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) is a source of organic sulfur which is required for a number of functions in the body. Sulfur plays critical roles
in the formation of protein, connective tissue, immunoglobulins and enzymes. MSM is a safe and inexpensive compound that may support healthy joints;
a strong immune system; and resilient skin, coat and hooves.

N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is a modified form of the amino acid Cysteine and a precursor to the body’s natural antioxidant Glutathione.
Research in horses has shown that NAC specifically protects the mucosal lining of the GI tract against oxidative stress. It also protects tissues
in the respiratory tract from damage due to inflammation and excess mucus production, and protects the liver from various toxins, including
acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose in people and pets.

NEM®, a natural eggshell membrane product, is a unique, all natural joint support matrix that provides relief from occasional discomfort and
supports normal mobility. NEM¯® is produced in the U.S. and supplies a holistic array of supportive components such as collagen, hyaluronic acid,
glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, desmosine, amino acids and peptides.

Nettle (Urtica dioica) is an herb known for its ability to cleanse and restore the blood. In humans it is reported to be particularly useful for skin and joint conditions,
such as gout. Nettle is a rich source of Vitamin C and Iron, making it an excellent choice for individuals with anemia. Reports also suggest it may help stimulate milk production.

Niacinamide is a form of niacin, also known as Vitamin B3, nicotinic acid, or nicotinamide. While these terms are often used interchangeably,
there are some differences in the activity of the different forms. Niacin is used in a wide range of conditions in people based on its cell-protecting
effects especially in blood vessels, nerve tissue, the digestive system and skin. The Niacin family also plays an important role in energy
production and in the synthesis of many important compounds including proteins, fats and DNA.

Nutricol® is a potent blend of naturally-occurring substances derived from foods that have been shown in numerous clinical studies to
profoundly affect cell health. It is a proprietary blending of plant nutrients known as polyphenols. These are the same substances that
have made green tea and red grapes the subject of much scientific study in recent years. Nutricol is designed to both increase the cell’s
resistance to damage and improve its ability to repair damage.

Oat Beta Glucan, is the soluble fiber found in oats, barley and possibly other cereal grains. Numerous studies in humans have shown it to
be the agent in oatmeal that reduces serum cholesterol. Beta Glucan also moderates the release of sugars from the digestive system into
the bloodstream. Maintaining a steady state of blood sugar is critical in humans with diabetes and horses with insulin resistance.
Beta Glucan also helps sugars and starches be digested earlier in the GI system of the horse, reducing the negative effects of starch in the hind gut.

Octacosanol is a compound primarily found in wheat germ that is used by people to improve their physical fitness. While some studies
do show improvement in athletic performance, other research explores the compound’s ability to improve cholesterol metabolism and
protect the liver from oxidative stress.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids are named for their chemical structure but are valued for their health benefits. In order for the body to function well,
there must be a balance between the omega-3s (generally considered anti-inflammatory) and the omega-6s (generally considered pro-inflammatory).
Unfortunately, horses that do not have access to grass may be getting too many omega-6 fatty acids from their fortified grain.
To bring the ratio back into balance, many people feed flax seed to their horses, the greatest plant source of omega-3s.
Flax seed is 40% oil, and nearly 60% of that oil is alpha linolenic acid, an omega-3 that can be converted by the body into DHA and EPA, which have additional benefits.

Pancrelipase is a mixture of three enzymes normally made by the pancreas: amylase, lipase and protease. Together, these enzymes break down fats,
protein and starch in the diet into smaller particles which the small intestine can then absorb. Supplementing pancreatic enzymes is useful when the
pancreas cannot make them itself or when the enzymes cannot reach the intestines where they are needed for digestion.

Pancreatin 8X - See Pancrelipase

Paprika is a spice made from grinding the dried fruits of certain peppers. Rich in Vitamin C, beta carotene and other antioxidants, its primary use
in horses is to enhance coat color. All colors of horses are said to become deeper and richer, but Paprika is especially valued for its ability to
protect black horses from becoming bleached in the sun. Paprika may contain a low level of capsaicin, a substance banned by USEF for use in competition.

Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnate) is an herb with gentle sedative properties producing a relaxing effect. It appears to be particularly
effective when used in conjunction with a more dominant nervine such as chamomile, hops, valerian or vervain to assist in the rebalancing
of a horse’s nervous system. Passion Flower is thought to act by breaking long-standing habits or nervous patterns and facilitating the
development of new, more appropriate behaviors.

Pau D’Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa) is obtained from the bark of a tree native to South America. While it fits best in the category of immune support,
it has been used for many years to manage a wide variety of human ailments including infections, parasites, arthritis, diabetes, cancer,
diarrhea and others. Pau D’Arco contains many active substances, one of which-quinones-has been specifically shown to have anti-protozoal activity.

Pectin is a structural carbohydrate found in all plants, although some plants have higher amounts of pectin than others. It is classified as a
fermentable fiber and prebiotic because animals don’t have the enzymes necessary to break it down into simple sugar-bacteria in the hind gut
are required to ferment it into fatty acids for energy. Pectin is also classified as a soluble fiber because it attracts water and forms a gel in the
digestive tract. This property has many benefits for people and animals such as protecting against gastric ulcers.

Perna (Perna Mussel, Green-lipped Mussel, Sea Mussel) is a shellfish that naturally contains a number of active compounds that work against
inflammation and the destructive cycle of degenerative joint disease. The unique combination of biologically active proteins, chelated minerals,
glycosaminoglycans, amino acids, nucleic acids and essential fatty acids work together to maintain healthy connective tissue.

Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is involved in the production of certain brain chemicals such as epinephrine and dopamine. Preliminary
studies suggest it may help reduce chronic pain associated with certain health conditions because of its proposed ability to block enzymes
which break down endorphins. Endorphins are the body’s natural pain-killing and “feel good” chemicals. For this reason, it is also used
in people with certain forms of depression but not in anxious patients because it may amplify nervousness.

Phosphorus (P) is a macromineral that, like Calcium, is found in highest amounts in bone. It is also required for energy production and the
synthesis of many vital compounds such as DNA. Because Phosphorus is present in high amounts in cereal grains, especially wheat bran,
some horses receive too much Phosphorus and not enough Calcium then develop problems. To avoid this, first make sure the horse’s
diet meets at least the minimum recommended NRC levels of both Calcium and Phosphorus, then make sure the ratio between the
two is somewhere in the 1:1 to 2:1 range.

Plantain (Plantago major) is an herb with gentle and soothing action on the mucous membranes of both the digestive and respiratory system
due to its mucilage content. It also contains tannins which are responsible for the herb’s astringent and anti-bleeding actions.
Some cultures actually use the leaves from this plant to staunch bleeding wounds.

Polar Lipids are vegetable fat molecules with both water-soluble and fat-soluble ends. Oat oil is a particularly rich source of Polar Lipids.
These fats strengthen the tight junctions between cells in the GI system, supporting the health of the mucosal lining and enhancing nutrient absorption.

Potassium (K) is a macromineral commonly referred to as an electrolyte because it helps maintain the body’s acid/base balance and hydration status.
Since it is the main electrolyte involved in muscle contraction, the highest amounts of Potassium in the body are found in muscle tissue, including the heart.
Fortunately, most horses receive all the Potassium they need from their forage, and only need to be supplemented during hot weather or
heavy exercise, to replace sweat losses. The amount of Potassium in the diet of HYPP horses must be closely monitored.
Consult your veterinarian for feed and supplement recommendations.

Prebiotics are sources of non-digestible, soluble fiber that serve as food for the probiotics or “good” bugs in the large intestine, keeping them healthy.
Examples of prebiotics are: arabinogalactan, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulin, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), pectin and psyllium.

Probiotics are live microorganisms (bacteria and yeast) fed to promote healthy digestive and immune function. When these “good” bugs break
down food ingredients that the body normally can’t, they produce energy and vitamins for the body, food for cells in the cecum and colon,
and byproducts that keep the “bad” bugs from growing. Research suggests probiotics are useful in repopulating the intestine with “good” bugs
after antibiotic use and may benefit certain horses with diarrhea.

Psyllium is a plant whose seed husk is made of soluble fiber which is fed to horses for several reasons. First, it has been shown to
increase fecal sand output and may aid in the prevention of colic, impaction, diarrhea and other problems associated with a build-up of sand in the colon.
Second, it falls in the category of “prebiotic,” meaning it serves as a source of food for the beneficial bacteria that live in the colon.

Quercetin is a bioflavonoid or plant-source antioxidant that appears to have especially protective effects on nervous tissue and connective tissue,
such as collagen. In addition, it possesses strong anti-inflammatory activity, especially against the action of histamine, and may be beneficial for
allergic conditions. It is used along with other bioflavonoids in the management of cancer in both humans and animals.

Raspberry,(Rubus idaeus) is an herb primarily used for its benefits to females. Believed to temper the effect of hormonal variations, it is used
for everything from PMS and pregnancy/delivery to menopause in humans. The active ingredients in Raspberry appear to normalize smooth
muscle tone in both the reproductive and GI tracts, relaxing muscle that is in spasm and strengthening muscle that is weak, possibly leading to contractions.

Riboflavin, or Vitamin B2, is required for aerobic energy production in the body and other chemical processes. Usually horses can meet the NRC
dietary requirement of Riboflavin from a combination of fresh grass or alfalfa hay plus microbial production of the vitamin in the intestine. However,
stabled horses with little access to pasture or heavily exercised horses may require supplementation. Because the family of B-vitamins works
closely together within the cells of the body, if you supplement one you should supplement the others.

Ribose is a small sugar-like molecule that makes up the nucleotides RNA and DNA, the building blocks of life, as well as ATP, NADH and several
other compounds critical to energy metabolism. Considered an ergogenic aid, it is used by people to increase athletic performance and recovery
from exercise as well as to aid in chronic fatigue and certain heart conditions.

Rice Bran is the outer layer or husk of a grain of rice. It is rich in fat, protein and fiber, as well as Vitamin E, the B-vitamins, certain minerals,
and the hormone-like substance Gamma Oryzanol. A tasty, convenient way to add calories to the diet of a horse that needs to gain weight,
Rice Bran must be both stabilized to protect its fat content and fortified with Calcium to offset its naturally high Phosphorus levels.

Rosehips (Rosa canina) are primarily valued for their nutritional value. A valuable source of Vitamin C, also have astringent, mild laxative and
diuretic actions on the body. In humans Rosehips have traditionally been used against the common cold and bleeding gums.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is not just a lovely smelling and tasting herb used to flavor foods, it is one of the key herbs for improving
mental concentration and blood supply to the brain. It is considered a general restorative for the entire circulatory system. Rosemary is antiseptic,
anti-spasmodic and has antidepressant properties. Some people take it to improve their memories.

Seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) is a plant harvested from the ocean that is a natural source of many vitamins, minerals, amino acids and
micronutrients. Dried, it is widely used in animal feed and supplements. Seaweed has many of the properties of kelp, including all the same health benefits.

Selenium is a trace mineral that partners with Vitamin E in the body’s antioxidant defense system to trap free radicals produced by exercise,
illness and certain medical conditions. While some parts of the country have high levels of Selenium in their soil and therefore the plants that grow there,
Selenium deficiency has been reported in 46 states. Therefore, most horses will need supplementation to meet the NRC requirement of 1mg/day for maintenance.
For optimum immune function and exercise recovery, 2 to 3 mg/day is recommended, which is still well below the 5mg/day which may be the upper safe limit.
Selenium Yeast, the organic form of the mineral, is better absorbed than inorganic Selenium Selenate or Selenite.

Siberian Ginseng(Eleutherococcus senticosus) is an herb that has been used in China for thousands of years to increase energy and stamina, help the body
resist infections and toxicity, and restore memory and concentration. Siberian Ginseng is believed to act as an “adaptogen,” a substance that normalizes
body functions, strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a wide variety of stressful influences. This herb can be found in products
designed to support proper metabolism and immune function.
Silica is the second-most plentiful element on earth, yet horses may not receive adequate levels from their diets because not all forms of silica are
bioavailable and it is easily destroyed in processing. Research over the last 30 years has shown that silica increases bone growth and density while
decreasing bone loss and thinning, maintains the strength of connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments, has a positive effect on wound healing,
is required in cartilage formation and improves the quality and appearance of skin, hair and hooves.

Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) is one of the most widely used herbs for the nervous system. It is a considered a “nervine,”or, an herb with specific
actions on the nervous system. In humans, it is used for PMS, migraines, disturbed sleep, seizures, drug addictions and physical or mental stress.
Its properties are said to include sedation, anti-spasmodic, anti-convulsive, and vasodilation (expanding blood vessels).

Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva) is obtained from the bark of a tree native to North America. Native Americans and later settlers used the plant externally
as a salve or poultice on wounds, and internally to soothe and heal mild respiratory and digestive ailments. Slippery Elm is rich in mucilage, a soluble fiber
that becomes gel-like when wet. This “natural bandage” helps reduce inflammation and irritation of mucus membranes, aiding in the relief of a sore
throat and cough as well as ulcers and diarrhea.

Sodium (Na) is a macromineral commonly referred to as an electrolyte because it helps maintain the body’s acid/base balance and hydration status.
It is also commonly referred to as “salt,” when combined with its partner Chloride. Sodium is critical for normal nerve and muscle function,
as well as transport of many substances (such as glucose) across cell membranes. There is very little Sodium in forages and grains, so it must be
supplied separately. Because horses may not consume enough salt from a regular livestock block to meet their needs–especially in hot weather
or during heavy exercise–it may need to be top-dressed on feed.

Soluble Fiber (See Prebiotics )

Sulfur (S) is a macromineral found in certain amino acids (methionine and cysteine), certain B-vitamins (thiamine and biotin), as well as heparin,
insulin and chondroitin sulfate. Therefore Sulfur serves major structure and function roles in the body. It is a component of proteins such as
enzymes and of connective tissue such as hooves, bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Sulfur is also involved in carbohydrate metabolism,
blood clotting and joint health. Horses meet their Sulfur requirements from their diet and only one incidence of toxicity due to excess has ever been reported.

Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), also known as orgotein, is the most important and effective antioxidant in the body and is the first line of defense
against free radicals that damage cells. However, it is a delicate protein that is quickly degraded by the acids and enzymes in the stomach.
In order to pass through to the intestine where it can be absorbed and used by the body, it must be coated with a protective layer.

Taurine is an amino acid found in high concentrations in electrically active tissues such as the brain, heart, retina and muscle. It stabilizes
membranes and assists in the movement of electrolytes in and out of cells, which is critical for proper nerve transmission and muscle contraction.
Taurine also acts as a detoxifier, is necessary for the absorption of fats and vitamins, and influences proper insulin and glucose levels. It can be
found in supplements for growing horses, nervous horses and horses with metabolic issues.

Telafirm is a proprietary ingredient shown to support a healthy immune response, normal bone remodeling, and the synthesis and cross-linking
of collagen and keratin, which are found in healthy joints, bones, tendons and ligaments.

Threonine is an essential amino acid, meaning it must be provided in the diet since the body cannot create enough of its own. It may be the second
limiting amino acid after Lysine. That is, if not present in adequate amounts it limits the body’s ability to make protein. Research shows improved
muscle mass in older horses that may have trouble maintaining weight and in young, growing horses when Threonine is supplemented. In addition,
it supports the production of mucin in the GI tract, a necessary component of the mucus that lubricates and protects the digestive tract.

Thiamine, or Vitamin B1, is important in carbohydrate metabolism and in the transmission of impulses along nerves (for this reason it is often used
in calming supplements). The NRC has set a daily dietary requirement for Thiamine because, unlike most of the other B-vitamins, microorganisms
in the intestine do not make enough Thiamine to meet the horse’s needs. Fortunately fresh forage and cereal grains are good sources of this vitamin.
However, horses that are exercising or do not have access to pasture or fortified grains may need additional supplementation.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is not only a commonly used household spice, but an herb with wide-ranging benefits to the body. It is particular helpful in
relieving spasm and gas in the digestive tract but is also extensively given for respiratory conditions where it’s expectorant, disinfectant and
antiseptic properties may be helpful.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is most known as the major ingredient in curry powder, but it is also believed to possess medicinal qualities. The main
active substance curcumin has effects throughout the body, but primarily on the liver (relieves jaundice) and circulatory system (dissolves clots).
Turmeric is often combined with other herbs to help them function better.

L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is converted by the body into serotonin, melatonin and other hormones that transmit nerve signals in the brain.
The effect of serotonin is to increase the feelings of well-being and contentment, to calm and to soothe.

L-Tyrosine is an amino acid that can be supplied by the diet or made from another amino acid, phenylalanine. It is the building block of many
important brain chemicals, or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. Not only is Tyrosine important to proper function
of the thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands, its relationship with dopamine has led to its use in horses with anhidrosis (non-sweaters), Cushing’s Disease and narcolepsy.

Valine see Branched Chain Amino Acids

Valerian is a “nervine,” or, an herb with specific actions on the nervous system. Its sedating effects can be so potent that it should not be
used by people or animals taking central nervous system (CNS) prescription medications or undergoing surgery using general anesthesia.
Valerian rebalances a nervous system struggling with restlessness, anxiety and, in humans, insomnia. Because it also relieves muscle
cramps and spasms associated with tension, it is especially helpful in horses that process anxiety through their muscles.

Vervain (also known as Verbena) is an herb used for many reasons in people, but mostly for calming in horses. Characterized as a “nervine,”
an herb with specific actions on the nervous system, several compounds have been isolated from the plant and shown to have actions on nerve cells.
Vervain may help rebalance the nervous system of horses with nervous, excess energy, helping them slow down and concentrate.

Vitamin A is well-known for its role in maintaining healthy vision, especially night vision. However, it is also needed for reproduction, immunity,
and normal skeletal development in young growing horses and exercising horses that are remodeling bone. Horses must satisfy their Vitamin A
requirement from their diet, but only horses on fresh green pasture or high-quality alfalfa are likely to meet that requirement. Horses on
grass hay, horses with no access to pasture, or horses that are exercising or breeding probably need supplementation.

The Vitamin B family is made up of several compounds that serve many important roles in the body: protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism;
energy production; proper nerve cell transmission; and cell reproduction and division (especially rapidly dividing ones such as red blood cells).
B-vitamins include Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Folic Acid (B9), and Cyanocobalamin (B12).
Choline, Biotin, Inositol and others are sometimes referred to as B-vitamins. For most of the B-vitamins, microorganisms in the large intestine
make all the horse needs. Only Thiamine and Riboflavin have NRC dietary requirements. However, research suggests B-vitamin supplementation
may be beneficial to stabled horses with little access to fresh pasture, heavily exercising horses, pregnant and lactating mares, horses with
GI conditions that may interfere with normal gut flora, and any periods of stress (injury, illness, shipping, old age, etc.)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, Ester C) is an antioxidant that works with Vitamin A and Vitamin E to protect the tissues of the body, especially those of
the respiratory system. It is also important in the production of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments, skin and hooves, bones and teeth.
Under normal circumstances, horses make their own Vitamin C in the liver from glucose. However, disease, transport, “heaves,” old age and
endurance exercise have all been shown to decrease blood levels of Vitamin C, indicating horses undergoing these particular stresses may
benefit from dietary supplementation.

Vitamin D (Calciferol) plays an indirect role in bone growth and maintenance by managing the levels of Calcium (Ca) in the body. It controls the
absorption of Ca from the intestine, the movement of Ca into and out of bone, and the amount of Ca excreted by the kidneys. While a minimum
requirement has been set by the NRC, it is assumed that horses make all the Vitamin D they need simply by exposure to sunlight, which converts
precursors of Vitamin D in the skin to the active form of the vitamin. However, horses kept indoors for prolonged periods, horses fed poor quality hay,
very young foals or exercising horses that are remodeling bone may need supplementation.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is most recognized as an antioxidant that works closely with its partners Selenium and Vitamin C to protect the body from
the oxidative stress of exercise, illness and certain medical conditions. Found in high amounts in fresh pasture, levels begin to decay the moment
pasture is cut for hay. That is why any horse that does not have access to grass– regardless of its activity level or health–should receive Vitamin E
supplementation. Although synthetic Vitamin E (dl-alpha tocopherol) is bioavailable to the horse, natural Vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol) is better absorbed.

Vitamin K (Menadione) is necessary for the activation of proteins which play a role in blood clotting, bone metabolism and vascular health.
The combination of Vitamin K from pasture or hay and that produced by bacteria in the large intestine is considered adequate for the normal
healthy horse’s needs. Horses that may need Vitamin K supplementation include those with anticoagulants (dicumarol, coumarin, warfarin)
in their system, whether accidentally or as part of medical therapy, with chronic liver conditions, or with disturbances of the GI microorganisms
such as colic, diarrhea or antibiotic treatment.

Vitex agnus castus (also known as Chasteberry and Monk’s Berry) is a plant native to the Mediterranean region. It has been used for centuries
to help maintain a balanced hormonal system in both females and males. Horse owners use Vitex on irritable mares, aggressive geldings, and
older horses exhibiting signs of Cushing’s Disease.

White Willow (Salix alba) is considered by many to be “natural aspirin” and has been used for thousands of years in humans for fevers, aches
and pains. The main active substance in the bark of Willow trees is salicin, which the body converts to salicylic acid. Modern aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
is believed to have originated from Willow and Meadowsweet in the 1800s. White Willow Bark may be slower to act than aspirin and less potent,
but it may also have fewer side effects such as GI upset.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is an herb with a wide range of beneficial actions. It supports blood vessels in the circulatory system; is restorative
to mucous membranes in the digestive and reproductive systems; has antiseptic, anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties; and has even
been used to staunch wounds because of its anti-bleeding activity.

Yeast: (See Prebiotics and Probiotics)

Yucca is an herb native to North and Central America used by ancient and modern civilizations to relieve pain and inflammation. While it’s
mechanism of action is largely unknown, active ingredients have been isolated from Yucca that have antioxidant, anti-platelet clumping and
anti-inflammatory properties.

Zinc (Zn) is a micromineral involved in over 100 enzyme systems ranging from connective tissue formation and antioxidant protection to
carbohydrate metabolism and immune system function. It is most recognized for its role in healthy skin and hooves and supplementation
should be considered because amounts in normal feedstuffs may not meet requirements and toxicity has not been reported.

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